Total 1,729 Manager level Human Resources job vacancies

• MNC Company
• Basic $10,000 - $12,000 + AWS + Variable Bonus
• Excellent Welfare and Benefits + Career progression
• Working location: Lorong Chuan
• Working hours: Monday to Friday (8.45am to 5.45pm)

Job Responsibilities:

• Helps to plan and develop compensation programs by evaluating cost and effectiveness of programs
• Provides analytical and technical support in the design and implementation of the organization's compensation strategy
• Provides HR and management with ongoing consultation, and develops and designs plans, programs, processes and tools which effectively manage competitive and compliant programs
• Designs, implements, and administers base pay, incentive and other rewards programs
• Provides compensation counsel and support to the HR Business Partners (HRBPs) and collaborates with department managers business leaders
• Reviews proposed salary adjustments for conformance to established guidelines, and recommends corrective or alternative actions to resolve compensation-related problems
• Recommends organization salary structure movements and salary increase budgets and administers annual compensation programs such as merit cycle
• Provides guidance, advice, analysis and training of Human Resources departments in connection with compensation policies
• Works closely with senior leadership to oversee the implementation and communication of compensation policies and programs
• Provides guidance, advice and training to HR, leaders and team members on compensation plan design, administration and operations
• Monitors and benchmarks the marketplace to determine organization's competitive position
• Audits jobs for content and prepares job descriptions reflecting job responsibilities, activities, duties and requirements
• Prepares special compensation studies and makes recommendations on compensation subjects
• Ensures adherence to applicable organization policies and practices as well as tax and legal regulations
• Audits the compensation function for process improvement opportunities and conducts research and internal/external benchmarking studies of best practices
• Other ad hoc duties as assigned

Job Requirements:

• Degree in HR related field / Business Admin or equivalent
• Minimum 8 years of experience in designing, and developing global/regional compensation programs (APAC experience will be good)
• Well versed in compensation and benefit benchmarking and compliances

Candidates are encouraged to apply this position via Apply Now button with the following information in the resume

• Work experiences and job responsibilities
• Current and Expected salary
• Reason for leaving
• Date of availability
• Education background

We regret that only shortlisted candidates will be contacted.

LIONG ZHAO GUAN (R22107632)

EA Recruitment Pte Ltd

EA License No: 21C0492

• Well established company
• Basic $ 4000 - $4800 + Variable Bonus
• Excellent Welfare and Benefits + Career Progression
• Working location: Changi
• Working Days: Monday – Friday
• Working Hours: 9am – 6pm

Job Responsibilities:

• Improve customer service experience, create, engaged customers and facilitate department growth.
• Negotiate best rates with airlines and agents for interest of company.
• Negotiate best offer to client in interest of company.
• Take control of customer’s issues and follow problems through to resolution.
• Set a clear mission and deploy strategies focused towards that mission.
• Develop service procedures, policies and standards.
• Keep meticulous records and document customer service actions and discussions.
• Analyze statistics and compile accurate reports.
• Build excellent relationship with carriers, clients and service providers.
• Keep ahead of industry’s developments and apply best practices to areas of improvement.
• Control resources and utilize assets to achieve qualitative and quantitative targets.
• Adhere to and manage the approved budget.
• Maintain an orderly workflow according to priorities.
• Share information with management on customers and market conditions.
• The list of duties and responsibilities outlined above is representative and not a complete and detailed list of tasks which may be performed.

Job Requirements:

• Minimum 4 years’ experience in freight forwarding or logistics, with at least 2 years in a supervisory or managerial role
• Strong knowledge of air, sea, and road freight operations
• Excellent customer service, communication, and problem-solving skills
• Proven leadership and team management experience
• Ability to handle pressure, prioritize tasks, and meet deadlines
• Proficiency in freight management systems and MS Office
• Strong commercial awareness and customer-focused mindset

Candidates are encouraged to apply this position via Apply Now button with the following information in the resume

• Work experiences and job responsibilities
• Current and Expected salary
• Reason for leaving
• Date of availability
• Education background

We regret that only shortlisted candidates will be contacted.

LIONG ZHAO GUAN (R22107632)

EA Recruitment Pte Ltd

EA License No: 21C0492

Job Description:

Operations & Customer Service

• Oversee daily centre operations, including client registration, record updates, payments, and general housekeeping.
• Prepare materials and support therapists/teachers during sessions when needed.
• Handle enquiries, calls, follow-ups, and appointment reminders to ensure a positive client experience.

Administration & Compliance

• Manage centre inventory and assist in staff meetings.
• Complete required documentation to meet insurance, regulatory, and reporting standards.

Client Engagement & Growth

• Support simple market research and business development activities.
• Build strong relationships with clients, address concerns, and ensure quality service.

Requirements:

• Minimum GCE “O” Level qualification or higher
• Strong interpersonal skills, with a high level of responsibility and punctuality
• Approachable, proactive, and consistent in interactions with children, parents, and colleagues
• Proficient in basic computer skills, especially MS Excel and MS Word and WhatsApp

Interested candidates, please click Apply or send your detailed resume to:

HR@ascendrecruitment.sg

Ascend Recruitment Pte Ltd (EA License No.: 24C2089)

April Lim Pei Ying (Reg. No.: R22110702)

We regret that only shortlisted candidates will be contacted.

• Well Established Company
• Basic $3800 - $4200 + AWS + Variable Bonus
• Excellent Welfare and Benefits + Career progression
• Working location : Tuas (Transport Provided)
• Working days : Monday to Friday
• Working hours : 8am to 5pm

Job Responsibilities:

Leadership of Customer Service Team

• Lead, coach and mentor the customer service team to deliver exceptional service standards.
• Oversee team members' capability in managing sales leads effectively.
• Ensure proficiency in generating proposals, service engagement forms or eSEF, and invoicing procedures.
• Oversee daily operations of the customer service department, ensuring prompt
  resolution of customer inquiries, service issues, complaints, and escalations.
• Maintain an organized and efficient filing and database system for customer records and service documentation.
• Lead digital transformation efforts related to new systems or software.
• Manage major client accounts, including contract adherence, service reviews, annual survey and relationship building.

Achievement of Management Objectives

• Prepare and generate monthly performance and operational reports.
• Monitor adherence to standard operating procedures (SOPs) and recommend updates or improvements when necessary.
• Establish and monitor KPIs and service standards to drive customer satisfaction,
• retention, and operational performance
• Analyze customer feedback, service trends, and complaint data to identify root causes and lead service improvement initiatives.
• Implement customer service department manual, procedures, and training programs that promote consistency, efficiency, and a customer-first culture.
• Provide insights into customer trends, operational challenges, and improvement opportunities.

Collaboration with Business Development Team

• Collaborate cross-functionally with Business Development team to ensure service delivery aligns with customer expectations and regulatory requirements.
• Provide support in data analysis and insights related to customer satisfaction and sales performance.
• Consolidate and present monthly reports for key stakeholders, ensuring accurate and actionable information.

Cross-Departmental Coordination

• Liaise with key departments (Logistics, Operations, etc.) to resolve any issues that may impact customer satisfaction.
• Ensure smooth communication and effective collaboration between departments to meet customer needs and expectations.

Requirements:

• Minimum Bachelor’s Degree in Business Administration, Management Studies, or a related field

• At least 2 years of Customer service experience

Candidates are encouraged to apply this position via Apply Now button with the following information in the resume

• Work experiences and job responsibilities
• Current and Expected salary
• Reason for leaving
• Date of availability
• Education background

We regret that only shortlisted candidates will be contacted.

LIONG ZHAO GUAN (R22107632)

EA Recruitment Pte Ltd

EA License No: 21C0492

Our esteemed client in the M&E Engineering industry is seeking a Senior/ Project Manager (Electrical) to join their dynamic team:

• Employment Type: 3 years contract
• Position: Senior/ Project Manager (Electrical)
• Location: Islandwide (depends on project’s location)
• Working Hours: 5 days (Mon to Thu, 8.30am to 6pm; Fri, 8.30 - 5.30pm)
• Salary Package: Up to $7,700 + Bonus

Job Responsibilities:

• Oversee the planning and execution of electrical engineering stages.
• Plan and manage the scope of electrical engineering activities in line with project requirements and technical standards.
• Lead and participate in technical and site coordination meetings to support effective communication and issue resolution.
• Work closely with project stakeholders to define and fulfil electrical engineering requirements, ensuring timely execution.
• Coordinate site activities with all relevant parties to address challenges and maintain project progress and quality.
• Review technical submissions and prepare the necessary documentation for approval in accordance with regulatory and project guidelines.

Job Requirements:

• At least a Diploma in Electrical Engineering or related discipline.
• Minimum 5 years of relevant experience in M&E or electrical construction projects.
• Strong understanding of Electrical and ELV systems, project management, and site coordination.
• Familiar with local codes, standards, and safety regulations.
• Able to work in different site locations and adapt to dynamic project environments.

Ready to apply? Here’s how: 

• Click the APPLY button, or 
• Email your resume (in MS Word or PDF format) to adelin@intuitrecruitment.com. Include the job title in your email subject line for prompt processing. 

Only shortlisted candidates will be notified. 

By submitting your application, you consent to the collection and use of your personal dataunder Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA). 

Adelin Chong | EA Personnel Reg No.: R1875641 

Intuit Recruitment Pte Ltd | EA License No.: 25C2793 

Our client, a well-established organisation is seeking for an Allied Health Professional AHP Head / Senior Manager - $ 8,500.00 + AWS + attractive Bonuses / 21 annual leave / CentralWest Area

Requirements

• Degree in any healthcare discipline
• At least 6 to 8 years experience overseeing the planning and professional development a team of Allied Health Professionals (AHP)
• Strong experience within the Medical/Healthcare environment that consist of Occupational Therapy, Physiotherapy, Psychology, Social Work or Speech & Language Therapy
• Strong leadership and supervisory skills.
• Experience in working with Senior, Middle level management to develop the appropriate learning and development strategies.

Others

• Salary up to $ 8,500.00 + AWS + attractive bonuses
• 21 annual leave
• CentralWest Area
• Walking distance from MRT station

Interested candidate can send in your resume (word format prefer) to grayson.su@thetalentnetwork.com.sg

Our client, a well-established MNC is seeking for a Customer Service Manager ( Call Centre ) - MNC - $ 7,000.00 + AWS + bonuses / Office hour

• Min a Diploma or Degree in Customer Service Relation/ Hospitality / Tourism or relevant
• At least 5 years experience oversee a team of 50 to run daily call centre operation in a fast pace high volume environment
• Highly analytical, Strong communication and writing skills
• Confident to conduct presentation to top management
• Strong leadership qualities

Others

• Salary: Up to $ 7,000.00 + Attractive Bonuses
• 5 days work week, Office Hour
• East area

Interested candidate can send in your resume with a photo attached (word format prefer) to grayson.su@thetalentnetwork.com.sg

Centre Manager

• Salary: $3500 - $4000
• Working hours: Mon, Tue, Fri, Sat n Sun | Off days: Wed-Thu |9am-6pm
• Location: Novena, Bukit Panjang and Tampines

Summary:

we take pride in providing top-notch technology education courses to equip every child with programming knowledge and empower them to create change. If you’re keen to be part of a dynamic team in a fast-growing start-up, join our Operations team to be hands-on from day one and work closely with our founding team. This role will expose you to daily operations of managing an ed-tech start-up and facilitate the smooth delivery of our coding programs to students in local and international schools.

Responsibilities & Duties

• Be a key player in the customer acquisition team to onboard new parents
• Share the vision and recommend suitable coding programs for students
• Support customer success initiatives like special programmes or competitions, or community events like fireside chats for customer engagement
• Maintain customer relationships and build a strong community. Act as parents’ advocate and manage relationships with them
• Plan lead generation events with key partners like Parent Sharings, trial classes and make sure payment for classes are received
• Work with the teaching team to assess the students and follow up with parents for conversion
• Responsible for handling general administrative duties, e.g. sending out onboarding emails, data entry, sorting out data and research
• Ensure that all customer information is properly documented and updated in our CRM system
• Relationship manager for our community, continue to track the progress of students and maintain relationships with parents

Cheong Yeat Long | R25145358

The Supreme HR Advisory Pte Ltd | EA 14C7279

1. Support the leadership of the Airfreight Import Customer Service team

2. Supervise and guide team members handling end-to-end import processes

3. Oversee daily import operations including documentation, coordination with carriers, customs compliance, billing, and job closure

4. Monitor service performance against SLAs and KPIs, escalating issues where necessary

5. Handle complex customer escalations and operational challenges

6. Collaborate with internal teams such as Operations and Customs to ensure smooth shipment execution

7. Support continuous process improvement initiatives and ensure compliance with internal procedures and regulatory requirements

Requirements:

• Supervisory or senior-level experience in airfreight import customer service or operations

• Strong understanding of airfreight import workflows, documentation, and customs requirements

• Good leadership, communication, and problem-solving skills

• Hands-on experience with CargoWise system is preferred
  

Interested applicants for the above advertised position(s), please kindly email an updated copy of your resume to: gs1@talenttradersg.com

EA License No.: 13C6305

Reg. No.: R23117344 (Tiong Tian Ho)

For candidate who applied for the advertised position is deemed to have consented to us that we may collect, use or disclose your personal information for purpose in connection with the services provided by us.

About Quess Singapore

Quess Singapore is part of Quess Corp, one of Asia’s leading business services providers. We specialize in workforce solutions that help our clients streamline operations, scale teams efficiently, and access top talent across industries. Our mission is to connect exceptional people with the right opportunities while building lasting relationships with both candidates and clients.

Role Overview

As a Recruitment Manager at Quess Singapore, you will be responsible for leading, developing, and managing the recruitment team to deliver exceptional talent solutions for our clients. You will drive performance, oversee end-to-end recruitment operations, and work closely with senior management to meet business goals. This is a strategic and hands-on leadership role, requiring excellent stakeholder management, team coaching, and commercial acumen.

Key Responsibilities

1. Team Leadership & Development

• Lead and manage a team of Recruitment Consultants and Senior Consultants, setting clear goals and KPIs.
• Provide coaching, mentorship, and performance feedback to develop team capabilities.
• Foster a positive, collaborative, and results-driven team culture.

2. Recruitment Operations & Delivery

• Oversee end-to-end recruitment process for key clients, ensuring delivery against SLAs and quality standards.
• Drive consistency and excellence in sourcing strategies, screening, and candidate experience.
• Monitor and manage workload distribution to ensure efficiency and timely closures.

3. Client & Stakeholder Management

• Act as a strategic recruitment partner to key clients, understanding their business and talent needs.
• Build and maintain strong client relationships, attending regular review meetings and sharing market intelligence.
• Collaborate with internal business heads to align recruitment delivery with revenue and growth objectives.

4. Business & Market Intelligence

• Analyse hiring trends, market salary data, and competitor activity to advise clients and business leaders.
• Recommend strategies to improve recruitment performance, time-to-fill, and quality-of-hire metrics.
• Identify opportunities for new business growth or service offerings.

5. Process & Compliance Excellence

• Ensure team compliance with internal processes, documentation, and statutory requirements.
• Maintain accurate and timely reporting in the Applicant Tracking System (ATS).
• Continuously improve recruitment workflows for better productivity and efficiency.

Key Skills & Attributes

• Strong leadership and people management skills, with a proven ability to motivate and inspire teams.
• Excellent stakeholder management and consultative approach.
• Strong problem-solving, negotiation, and decision-making abilities.
• Commercially savvy, with a good understanding of P&L and revenue drivers in a staffing business.
• Data-driven, with the ability to use metrics and analytics to guide decision-making.

Qualifications & Experience

• Bachelor’s degree in Human Resources, Business, or related field (preferred).
• Minimum 6–8 years of recruitment experience, with at least 2–3 years in a team lead or managerial role (agency/staffing environment preferred).
• Proven track record in meeting hiring targets, driving team performance, and managing client relationships.

Why Join Quess Singapore?

• Great Place to Work® Certified: Recognized for our commitment to a positive workplace culture.
• Leadership Opportunity: Lead a high-performing team and shape the recruitment function’s success.
• Strategic Impact: Work closely with senior management to influence hiring strategy and business growth.
• Regional Exposure: Be part of a fast-growing organization with opportunities to collaborate across markets.
• Learning & Growth: Access leadership development programs and career pathways within Quess Corp.

This is in partnership with the Employment and Employability Institute Pte Ltd (“e2i”).

e2i is the empowering network for workers and employers seeking employment and employability solutions. e2i serves as a bridge between workers and employers, connecting with workers to offer job security through job-matching, career guidance and skills upgrading services, and partnering employers to address their manpower needs through recruitment, training, and job redesign solutions. e2i is a tripartite initiative of the National Trades Union Congress set up to support nation-wide manpower and skills upgrading initiatives. By applying for this role, you consent to Quesscorp Singapore’s PDPA and e2i’s PDPA.

Disclaimer: The company is committed to ensuring the privacy and security of your information. By submitting this form, you consent to the collection, processing, and retention of the information you provide. The data collected (which may include your contact details, educational background, work experience and skills) will be used solely for the purpose of evaluating your qualifications for the position you're applying for. Your data will be stored securely and retained for the duration necessary to fulfill our hiring process. If you are not selected for the position, your data will be kept on file for a limited period in case future opportunities arise. You have the right to access, correct, or delete your data at any time by contacting us at Quess Singapore | A Leading Staffing Services Provider in Singapore (quesscorp.sg)

Whatyou'll be doing?

• Develop HR strategies: Craft and implement HR policies and procedures aligned with company objectives, ensuring best practices across all HR functions.
• Manage HR operations: Oversee recruitment, employee relations, performance management, training, and compensation to foster a positive work environment.
• Drive employee engagement: Design and execute programs to enhance employee satisfaction, resolve conflicts, and maintain a harmonious workplace.
• Ensure compliance: Stay up-to-date with employment legislation and implement policies to maintain full compliance with HR-related regulations.
• Lead HR initiatives: Spearhead projects in human capital, talent management, succession planning, and performance management to support organizational growth.
• Oversee budgeting: Prepare and manage the HR budget, ensuring efficient allocation of resources for departmental activities.

·       Administer payroll: Manage payroll processes and handle external submissions to relevant authorities, ensuring accuracy and timeliness.

·       Improve productivity: Initiate and implement HR programs aimed at enhancing operational efficiency across the organization.

·       Manage performance: Oversee the performance management process, aligning employee goals with company objectives for optimal results.

·       Coordinate training: Identify training needs, plan and execute effective learning programs to support employee development and growth.

·       Supervise office administration: Establish standard operating procedures for proper documentation and control of office operations.

·       Handle insurance and claims: Manage group insurance policies and oversee government-related claims and surveys.

·       Provide group-wide support: Offer HR and administrative assistance across all departments within the organization.

Who are they looking for?

• Educational background: A degree/diploma in Business, Administration, or Human Resources, coupled with a passion for people management and organizational development.
• Industry experience: Must be familiar with the Building, Construction, or Property industry, bringing valuable insights to HR practices in this sector.

Assistant Design Manager (C&S) - LTA Project

• Industry: A1 Main Contractor - Korean MNC
• Office is near Jurong East MRT, Singapore
• Site is at Jurong East MRT
• 5.5 Days, 8am-6pm / 8am-12pm
• Salary: $6500 - $8500 + Bonus

Job Description

• Assist (Senior) Design manager, supervise architectural works and ensure all works are carried out in compliance with standards, safety & environment regulations
• Manage the drawing submission schedules based on the planned work progress
• Coordinate and review all design matters with LTA, authorities, consultants, subcontractors, etc.
• Manage and control design deliverables related to BIM, technical, contractual and cost issues
• Manage subcontractors, review shop drawings to check to meet all design requirements
• Plan and Manage Architectural work progress scheduling, etc.

Job Requirements,

• Minimum 7 years of experience with Degree / Diploma in relevant architectural field in the construction supervision of architectural works for projects
• LTA / Building experience will be beneficial as current ongoing project is related to MRT.
• Relevant experience in construction company
• Good knowledge of structure and architectural details

Cheong Yeat Long | R25145358

The Supreme HR Advisory Pte Ltd | EA 14C7279

Allsense is a niche private label, activations and training platform for corporates in general, and luxury/beauty brands in specific. With physical labs situated in Singapore, Dubai, Bangkok and Malaysia. We pride ourselves on strong customer relationships and innovative can-do solutions. We sit on the cutting edge of new industry developments and we are driven by ideals of sustainability, inclusivity and building a new community of fragrance lovers.

This role needs to report directly to the CEO, you are seen as a business partner with an entrepreneurial mindset and comfortable to work in a dynamic environment.

Besides managing the Finance activities of the business, this role also provides the CEO with day-to-day administrative support.

Finance

• Oversee & lead all day-to-day accounting & finance related matters, responsible for financial closing, daily cash flow, monthly management and financial reports, audit and tax related matters for Singapore and Dubai, Bangkok and Malaysia entities.
• Lead all regulatory reporting;
• Handle inter-company transactions and maintaining inter-company records.
• Monthly intercompany reconciliations to be performed
• Prepare for managements and CEO’s reviewing - annual financial plans, budgets and cashflow forecasts;
• Work closely with multiple stakeholders located globally and assist to manage full set accounts of Group’s entities;
• Work closely with team members on tender matters / projects and provide financial data support;
• Ensure the timely preparation of accounting schedules as part of monthly and yearly closing;
• Handle daily finance operation matters (fund sighting, raise payment instruction, etc)
• Manage credit control activities;
• Coordinate and manage all tax-related matters and statutory reporting requirements such as GST reporting, corporate tax, WHT to name a few.
• Active cash management and cashflow planning
• Staff sales commission preparation and payment
• Coordinate and lead the annual audit process, liaise with external auditors
• Liaise with bank (as and when necessary)
• Maintain a strong governance framework
• Any ad hoc duties as assigned by the management

HR

• Handle full spectrum of HR duties for all entities
• Handle employees’ and company’s insurance matters
• Responsible for grant application, Childcare Leave, Maternity Leave and Reservist claims;
• Handle work pass application, renewal and cancellation via EPOL;
• All company’s admin matters for all entities
• Handle payroll administration. Ensure compliance and timely submission of CPF, IR8A &IR21.

Requirements:

• Bachelor degree in Accountancy or financial related area.
• At least 5 to 7 years of work experience in end-to-end finance – month end closing to preparing budgets & forecasts
• Possess strong hands-on experiences in handling Finance, HR and Admin matters,
• Good business acumen with the ability to think on the feet
• Analytical thinker with strong conceptual and problem-solving skills.
• Ability to work under pressure and meet tight deadlines.
• Ability to work independently and as part of a team.
• Excellent report-writing and communication skills.
• Organised, meticulous and ability to prioritise tasks assigned
• IT savvy and knowledgeable in using different online platforms
• Proficiency in Microsoft Office, Xero and Zetta accounting software.

Assistant Sales Manager Duties and Responsibilities

Assistant Sales Managers assist in implementing sales strategies and ensuring they are followed.

They are involved in the everyday management of the sales team and provide support to the sales manager.

As an Assistant Sales Manager, their primary duties and responsibilities include:

• Assisting the Sales Manager in planning and implementing sales strategies

• Monitoring and analyzing sales performance

• Training and mentoring sales team members to improve their performance

• Managing customer relationships to ensure customer satisfaction and maintain the company’s reputation

• Working closely with marketing team to develop marketing strategies and campaigns

• Identifying sales opportunities and potential new customers

• Assisting in the preparation of budgets and sales forecasts

• Handling customer complaints and resolving any issues that may arise

• Preparing sales reports and presenting them to senior management

• Helping to coordinate sales operations, including inventory and order processing

• Responsibilities

• Assist the Sales Manager in overseeing the activities and performance of the sales team

• Coordinate with the sales team to meet and exceed customer’s service expectations

• Provide detailed and accurate sales forecasts

• Coordinate sales operations with other business units

• Manage customer relationships and ensure customer satisfaction

• Develop promotional ideas and material to increase sales

• Monitor and analyze performance metrics and suggest improvements

• Stay up-to-date with new product launches and ensure sales team members are on board

• Train and motivate sales team to achieve optimum selling efficiency

Roles & Responsibilities

As an Outlet Manager, you will take charge of managing the overall operations of the outlet, ensuring that it runs smoothly and efficiently. You will lead a team, handle customer inquiries, manage inventory, and ensure compliance with health and safety regulations.

Responsibilities:

• Supervise daily operations and ensure the outlet meets operational standards.

• Lead, train, and motivate a team of staff members to provide excellent customer service.

• Develop and implement strategies to achieve sales targets and increase revenue.

• Monitor stock levels and manage inventory to prevent shortages or excesses.

• Handle customer complaints and ensure customer satisfaction.

• Maintain health, safety, and cleanliness standards within the outlet.

• Coordinate with suppliers and vendors to ensure timely delivery of goods.

• Prepare and manage budgets, evaluating financial performance and implementing cost control measures.

• Ensure compliance with company policies and procedures.