• Interpret engineering drawings and blueprints
• Provide technical guidance to site teams
• Assist in design modifications if needed
• Ensure proper use of construction methods and equipment
• Inspect construction work to ensure quality and compliance
• Ensure materials meet required standards
• Resolve technical issues during construction
• Possess class 3 driving license require to commute company worker from worksite and back to their residence after work is completed , long distance and long hour driving required
• willing to commit 12-hour shifts

1. Close supervision , management and execution of construction works at site, including monitoring work progress and quality.

2. Manage,vendors,contractors and sub-con for progression of works.

3. Resposible for all the site implementation and completion towards management target.

4. Resposible for the project quality and safety plan.

5. Laise with consultant and contractor for Green Mark Certification process.

6. Ensure company ISO safety system requirements are fully implemented on project.

7. Work closely with engineering team on any technical issues arising from site and lead the supervision and resolution of work on site.

8. Ensure proper documentation and record of site are carried out.

Job Description

• Lead and manage the eletrical engineering design works.
• Prepare and review the deisgn of the electrical works, e.g. equipment sizing, cable sizing and voltage drop calculation, power system study, electrical layout single line diagram, schematic drawings, etc.
• Handle equipment packages and procurement including technical specifications, technical clarification, technical bid analysis, etc.
• Develop cost estimates for electrical equipment and eletrical works.
• Develop work schedule and coordination of the project works.
• Review the sub-consultants, sub-contractors and vendors' design and submission, ensuring all project specificaions and design standard are met.
• Prepare all relevant checklists for installation, testing and commissioning works.
• Collaboration with multiple stakeholders including internal teams of different trades, clients, consultants, other packages, sub-contractors, and vendors.
• Attending to client's comments and ensuring client's approval and acceptance of all electrical works related design, installation, testing and commissioning works.
• Handle and resolve all site technical related matters.

Requirements

• Bachelor Degree in Electrical Engineering
• 5 to 8 years of relevant experience in construction industry. Working experience in water or wastewater industry will be an advantage.
• Experience in design, installation, testing and commissioning of electrical works, e.g. high voltage system, low voltage system, transformers, motor starters, cablnig works, earthing and lightning protection system, etc.
• Experience in project execution, project coordination, supervision and coordination with clients, consultants, and all other sub-tier under the Contractor.
• Good technical knowledge in electrical system.
• Well verse in power system anaylsis software e.g. ETAP and BIM software e.g. Bentley, Revit and Navisworks.
• Team player with good interpersonal skills.
• Meticulous and analytical with excellent problem-solving skills.
• Able to work under tight deadlines.
• Highly motivated and able to work independently with minimal supervision.
• WIll be required to work full time at project site.

Responsibilities:

• Supervise and lead a team for maintenance and overhauling jobs, including mechanical, diesel and air-conditioning onboard vessels or in workshop
• Plan and coordinate with customers and suppliers on works to be carried out
• Prepare, coordinate and monitor work schedule
• Manage daily manpower deployment
• Perform site inspection and work discussion
• Assess and ensure safety requirements and permits are strictly followed
• Provide logistic support e.g indent of spares and follow up

Requirements:

• Diploma in Mechanical or Marine Engineering
• Able to deal and communicate with stakeholders effectively at all levels
• Possess man-management experience to supervise and deploy workers
• Possess high level of initiative
• Able to work under pressure
• Proficient in MS Office

Other Information:

• Location: Changi
• Transport provided at or nearby: Jalan Bahar, Pioneer MRT, Boon Lay MRT, Lakeside MRT, Jurong West & East, Jalan Bukit Merah, Choa Chu Kang MRT, Bukit Panjang Plaza, Woodlands, Sembawang MRT, Yishun MRT, Bishan MRT, Ang Mo Kio MRT, Hougang Ave 8, Sengkang Square, Punggol Central, Pasir Ris MRT, Tampines MRT, Tanah Merah MRT
• 5 days work week
• Working Hours: 7.45am-5pm

Responsibilities:

•      To provide engineering supportto the Project team from validationphase to project implementation

•      To identify type of materialand equipment requirement during validation phase.

•      To involve in preparation andsubmission of engineering submittals.

•      Programming of devices &creating and programming graphics in accordance with the project requirement.

•      To assist in Test andCommissioning of system equipment.

•      To assist in preparation andsubmission of operation and Maintenance Manuals.

•      To provide Bill of Quantity forthe projects.

•      Any other duties as assigned bysuperior

•      Ensure all works carried out in accordance with the specified quality and EHS standards

Requirements:

•        Diploma/ Degree in Engineering or BuildingControl in relevant field

•        Min 1-2 years of relevant work experience

•        Experience in PLC programmingis added advantage

•        Experience in handling energy managementsystems/ HVAC systems/ Chiller Plant systems/ Building Management Systems willbe a plus

•        Knowledge of IT networking and databaseprogramming, Function Block programming, Structured Language Programming orHTML5 programming will be of added advantage

•        Knowledge of industrial system protocolslike BACnet, Modbus, LONTalk

•        Strong customer management and problemsolving skills

•        Able to work with the team andself-motivated

Key Responsibilities

• Analyze current production processes and identify areas for improvement
• Design, develop, and implement process enhancements to increase efficiency and reduce waste
• Monitor process performance and troubleshoot issues in real-time
• Collaborate with cross-functional teams (production, quality, maintenance) to ensure smooth operations
• Develop and maintain process documentation, SOPs, and technical reports
• Conduct root cause analysis and implement corrective/preventive actions
• Ensure compliance with safety, environmental, and regulatory standards
• Support new product introduction and scale-up activities
• Utilize data analysis tools to track KPIs and process performance

Requirements

• 5+ years of experience in process engineering or manufacturing environment (adjust based on seniority)
• Experience in industries such as manufacturing, oil & gas, pharmaceuticals, or electronics is preferred

Jobs Description :

• Assist in the design, development, and testing of new geospatial technologies and applications
• Collaborate with cross-functional teams to identify and implement innovative solutions to complex problems
• Conduct research, data analysis, and experimental testing to support the development of new products and services
• Contribute to the documentation and reporting of research findings and project progress
• Provide technical support and troubleshooting to internal teams and clients as needed
• Stay up-to-date with the latest trends, technologies, and best practices in the geospatial industry

Requirements :

• Bachelor's degree in a relevant field, such as engineering, computer science, or geospatial science
• Strong analytical and problem-solving skills with the ability to think critically and creatively
• Proficiency in using geospatial software and tools, such as GIS, remote sensing, and data processing applications
• Excellent attention to detail and a commitment to maintaining high-quality standards
• Effective communication and teamwork skills, with the ability to collaborate with cross- functional teams
• A passion for research, technology, and continuous learning

Job Description

1. Assist the Project Manager with preparation of overall cost and progress reports and other matters related to schedules, cost and materials.

2. Assists the Project Manager and supervise Document Controller to implement systematic document control and filing procedures.

3. Liaise and coordinate with Engineering and Procurement Departments for preparation of monthly progress reports prior to Project Manager’s approval.

4. Coordinate with the Construction department leaders on progress monitoring and recording.

5. Prepare and record change proposals for the contract between Contractor and Client.

6. Assist PM organize tender activities and coordinate in disciplines, vendors for tender preparations

Requirements:

Diploma/Bachelor's degree in any discipline of Engineering

Fresh graduates are welcome to apply

Key responsibilities

User Engagement &Requirements Gathering:

• Conduct user testing sessions to gather valuable feedback on application functionality and user experience.
• Actively engage with stakeholders and end-users to gather, refine, and translate product functionality

AI-Assisted Development &Code Quality:

• Own end-to-end application delivery (frontend, backend, and cloud), leveraging AI coding assistants to accelerate development while ensuring quality, scalability, and maintainability (DRY, modular design, separation of concerns).
• Build responsive, accessible, and performant web interfaces, using AI to speed up development while retaining full ownership ofarchitecture and reusability.
• Design and operate secure, reliable, and observable backend services and APIs, guiding AI for boilerplate and tests while owning API contracts and data models.
• Review and validate all AI-generated code, identifying hallucinations, logic flaws, and maintainability issues before integration.

Cloud Architecture &Infrastructure:

• Own the end-to-end design, implementation, and operation of Azure infrastructure, ensuring solutions are secure, scalable, highly available, and compliant by design.

• Translate application and security requirements into well-architected Azure reference architectures, balancing performance, cost, and operational complexity.
• Design and implement secure network topologies, including segmented VNets, subnet strategies, private connectivity patterns (Private Endpoints, VNet Integration) to eliminate public exposure of critical services, and network security enforcement using NSGs
• Architect and deploy cloud-native application platforms, leveraging services such as:

• Compute: Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)
• Integration: API Management (APIM)
• Security: Key Vault, Managed Identities, Entra ID integration
• Edge & Protection: Application Gateway, WAF
• Storage: Azure Blob Storage, Azure PostgreSQL Flexible Server

• Implement secure-by-default infrastructure patterns, including secret management and end-to-end encryption (in transit and at rest)

DevOps:

• Design, implement, and maintain full-stack CI/CD deployment strategies and pipelines, ensuring automated, compliant, and efficient release processes.

Testing & Quality Assurance:

• Establish comprehensive automated test strategies, including unit, integration, and end-to-end testing, ensuring high code coverage.
• Resolve all identified software defects, bugs to maintain application stability and integrity.

Security & Compliance:

• Ensure adherence to IM8 compliance requirements and any other emerging organizational compliance mandates.
• Implement and maintain comprehensive full-stack security measures, including robust authentication, authorization, API security, and frontend security best practices.
• Establish regular SAST, SCA, container image, vulnerability scans and other regular security related scans and resolve identified security vulnerabilities according to compliance timeline.

Qualifications & Experience

Full Stack Development:

• Degree or Diploma in Computer Science, Computer or Electronics Engineering, Information Technology, or related disciplines.
• Experience with Git and modern branching workflows (GitFlow, trunk-based development).
• Strong proficiency in both frontend and backend development.
• Strong understanding of software engineering best practices (DRY, single responsibility principle, meaningful abstraction, testability) and the ability to enforce these standards within an AI-augmented development workflow.
• Strong code review instincts —can catch hallucinations, logic errors, and security issues in AI output
• Working in an agile releasemodel, engineers must be adaptable and proactive to evolving requirements anduser feedback.

Technologies:

• Next.js, TypeScript, React.js, UI component libraries (e.g., ShadCN, Tailwind CSS).
• Experience with relational databases

Security & Compliance:

• Experience with IM8 compliance and system commissioning for government projects
• Strong knowledge of frontend security (CSP, CORS, XSS prevention).
• Experience with backend security (OAuth, JWT, API rate limiting, encryption).
• Familiarity with cloud security (IAM, Secrets Management, OWASP Top 10).

DevOps & Infrastructure:

• Proven experience setting up and managing Azure infrastructure (refer to Azure services listed in the Cloud Architecture & Infrastructure of Key Responsibilities).
• Experience with CI/CD pipelines using GitLab CI
• Experience with containerization and orchestration (Docker, Kubernetes).

Software Quality & Testing:

• Experience with unit and integration testing (Jest, Cypress, Playwright, Pact).
• Backend testing using Postman, Supertest, contract testing.

Observability & Monitoring:

·      Experience implementing application performance monitoring (APM) tools (Prometheus, Open Telemetry).

·      Knowledge of logging frameworks (ELK Stack, Loki, Fluentd) to track and debug issues across distributed systems.

Backend Scalability & API Design:

• Strong experience in API design principles
• Knowledge of API rate limiting, caching strategies (Redis, Varnish), and performance optimizations.
• Familiarity with backend service scalability strategies (horizontal scaling, autoscaling, load balancing).

Bonus Experience (Added Advantage):

• Experience with government procurement processes
• Microsoft Certified: Azure Solutions Architect Expert
• Microsoft Certified: Azure Security Engineer Associate

Role Overview

We are seeking an experienced Lead Mechanical Commissioning Engineer to join an FPSO project based in Singapore. This role is responsible for leading and coordinating all mechanical commissioning activities, ensuring systems are safely and efficiently commissioned in line with project specifications, schedule, and quality standards. The successful candidate will play a key leadership role during the pre‑commissioning, commissioning, and start‑up phases, working closely with engineering, construction, operations, and HSE teams.

Key Responsibilities

·       Lead and manage all mechanical commissioning activities for FPSO topside and/or marine systems

·       Develop and execute mechanical commissioning philosophies, procedures, and system completion strategies

·       Coordinate pre‑commissioning and commissioning activities with construction, QA/QC, operations, and contractor teams

·       Review mechanical system turnover packages and ensure readiness for commissioning

·       Lead punch listing, system walk‑downs, and mechanical completion verification

·       Support mechanical systems testing including flushing, pressure testing, alignment checks, and functional testing

·       Ensure commissioning activities are executed in accordance with HSE requirements, project specifications, and class rules

·       Interface with vendors and OEMs during equipment commissioning and testing

·       Provide technical leadership and mentoring to commissioning engineers and technicians

·       Participate in commissioning planning, scheduling, and progress reporting

·       Support handover of commissioned systems to Operations and Client representatives

·       Identify risks and implement mitigation actions to ensure safe and timely commissioning

Systems Scope (Typical)

·       Static & rotating mechanical equipment

·       Piping systems and valves

·       Utility systems (air, water, fuel, chemical)

·       Cargo, ballast, and bilge systems

·       Firewater and safety-related mechanical systems

·       Marine and HVAC-related mechanical systems (as applicable)

Qualifications & Experience

·       Bachelor’s Degree in Mechanical Engineering or equivalent

·       Minimum 10 years’ experience in Mechanical Commissioning within the oil & gas industry

·       Proven experience on FPSO projects (newbuild, conversion, or life extension highly preferred)

·       Strong background in offshore commissioning environments, ideally shipyard-based commissioning

·       Demonstrated leadership experience in managing commissioning teams

·       Solid understanding of mechanical systems, commissioning sequencing, and system completion methodology

·       Familiarity with international codes and standards (ABS, DNV, BV, API, ASME, ISO)

·       Strong commitment to HSE excellence

·       Excellent communication and stakeholder management skills

Additional Requirements

·       Willingness to work in a shipyard or offshore environment as required

·       Ability to interface effectively with multicultural teams and global stakeholders

·       Strong planning, reporting, and problem‑solving capabilities

·       Proficiency in commissioning documentation and completion management systems

The Arista Professional Services Engineer role helps customers choose

the architecture for the business outcome. They also lead a team of PS

through the deployment lifecycle and oversee the different phases of t

project starting with design all the way through implementation,

migration and enabling operational capabilities. This ensures a seamles

transition for customers from initial exposure to being able to operate

and realize tangible business outcomes from their network

infrastructure.

The Arista PS Engineer also leverages the collective knowledge of the

wider Arista Professional Services practice and has direct access to Aris

Engineering teams. The Professional Services Engineer will be able to

bring in processes, procedures and technical artifacts that help Arista

Customers to design and deploy new infrastructure successfully, with

proven methodologies to migrate from legacy vendors.

Key Responsibilities

· Accountable for architectural guidance and engineering direction

across the solution.

· Consult on design related aspects to delivery, test and migration.

· Analyse customer landscape to develop technical and business

requirements

· Work with Sales and other verticals within Arista and Customer

organization.

· Train other professional services engineers on new design topologi

and Technologies.

· Must exceed customer expectation and display excellency in projec

execution on high impact projects

· Use the requirements to design the network that best meets the

tactical needs of the customer environment.
· Assist in developing High- and Low-Level Design documents based

gathered requirements that capture the design criteria and as-built

information that can be used as a reference/blueprint for future

deployments.

· Review test plans for the purpose of validating newly deployed Aris

networks and to certify that the network is ready to carry production

traffic.

· Participate in critical migration and integration activities.

· Perform Knowledge Transfer Training on Arista network designs,

platforms, and features to Arista Professional Services customers.

· Develop professional relationships with customers by being a trust

advisor and working collaboratively.

· Assist Project Management in developing project plans to track

deployment project task execution and timelines and to establish

communication cadence with customers.

Technical Capabilities:

· Specialization in Design and Deployment of Industry Leading

Networking Solutions.

· Brings on board experience of delivering several projects using Aris

Technology and integration with industry standard 3rd party systems

successfully.

· Ability to develop accurate and meaningful requirements.

· High level and low-level design experience for Leaf Spine

infrastructure.

· Advanced network protocol knowledge, especially VXLAN, EVPN,

MPLS and Segment Routing.

· Automation with Ansible and Terraform

· Experience of delivering technical and operational training to

customers

Qualifications, skills and experience:

· 10+ years of industry experience focused on IP networks

· Arista EOS and Cloud Vision experience

· Led and delivered several high-stake projects including greenfield

implementations, complex migrations and integration efforts.

RESPONSIBILITIES:

• Provide helpdesk support, including follow-up and updates on change requests and fault status. Respond in timely manner to service issues and requests.
• Install and configure computer hardware and software, including clocking machines, printers, and scanners.
• Support end-user computing, applications, and software.
• Deploy, manage, and troubleshoot user workstations and computer equipment.
• Monitor application activities, system status, and generate reports.
• Assist with external IT audits and perform internal IT audits.
• Assist in IT project development and implementation.
• Create user guides and maintain records and IT documentation.
• Coordinate with system providers on the repair and maintenance of hardware and software.
• Undertaking duties and assignments as assigned by the superior.

REQUIREMENTS:

• Diploma in computer related field with relevant technical qualification.
• At least two years relevant work experience.
• Knowledge of TCP/IP and Windows system.
• Good knowledge of Microsoft Office Suite.
• Strong interpersonal and communication skill (both oral and written)

Working Hours:

• 5.5-day work week, Mon-Fri 8:00am-5:25pm, Sat (Alternate Saturday Off) 8am-1200noon.

Responsibilities:

• Perform servicing of Trane chillers & other HVAC equipment
• Carry out corrective and preventive maintenance for chillers and related equipment
• Have basic knowledge of overhaul & start up jobs on Trane chillers
• Liaising with customers to resolve complaints cases
• Coordination with vendors and contractors in job coordination
• Assist or involve in schedule planning & prepare technical analysis reports for management’s review
• Ensure all works carried out in accordance with the specified quality and EHS standards
• Any other duties as deemed necessary from times to times

Requirements:

• NITEC/ Diploma/ Degree in Mechanical, Electrical, Electronic Engineering or equivalent
• Relevant experience in Chiller Systems/ Air-conditioning
• Positive attitude

The Full Stack Engineer is a pivotal role responsible for the end-to-end design, development, deployment, and maintenance of scalable, high-performance, and secure web applications.

This role combines application development (AI-assisted programming) with hands-on ownership of cloud infrastructure, ensuring reliable, secure, and scalable systems on Azure. The engineer would be working on client gen-AI assisted procurement-related web application as part of client AI initiative.  

Key responsibilities

User Engagement &Requirements Gathering:

·      Conduct user testing sessions to gather valuable feedback on application functionality and user experience.

·      Actively engage with stakeholders and end-users to gather, refine, and translate product functionality requirements into technical specifications/ testable artifacts.

AI-Assisted Development &Code Quality:

·      Own end-to-end application delivery (frontend, backend, and cloud), leveraging AI coding assistants to accelerate development while ensuring quality, scalability, and maintainability (DRY, modular design, separation of concerns).

·      Build responsive, accessible, and performant web interfaces, using AI to speed up development while retaining full ownership of architecture and reusability.

·      Design and operate secure, reliable, and observable backend services and APIs, guiding AI for boilerplate and tests while owning API contracts and data models.

·      Review and validate all AI-generated code, identifying hallucinations, logic flaws, and maintain ability issues before integration.

Cloud Architecture &Infrastructure:

• Own the end-to-end design, implementation, and operation of Azure infrastructure, ensuring solutions are secure, scalable, highly available, and compliant by design.

·       Translate application and security requirements into well-architected Azure reference architectures, balancing performance, cost, and operational complexity.

·       Design and implement secure network topologies, including segmented VNets, subnet strategies, private connectivity patterns (Private Endpoints, VNet Integration) to eliminate public exposure of critical services, and network security enforcement using NSGs

·       Architect and deploy cloud-native application platforms, leveraging services such as:

• Compute: Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)
• Integration: API Management (APIM)
• Security: Key Vault, Managed Identities, Entra ID integration
• Edge & Protection: Application Gateway, WAF
• Storage: Azure Blob Storage, Azure PostgreSQL Flexible Server

·       Implement secure-by-default infrastructure patterns, including secret management and end-to-end encryption (in transit and at rest)

DevOps:

• Design, implement, and maintain full-stack CI/CD deployment strategies and pipelines, ensuring automated, compliant, and efficient release processes.

Testing & Quality Assurance:

• Establish comprehensive automated test strategies, including unit, integration, and end-to-end testing, ensuring high code coverage.
• Resolve all identified software defects, bugs to maintain application stability and integrity.

Security & Compliance:

• Ensure adherence to IM8 compliance requirements and any other emerging organizational compliance mandates.
• Implement and maintain comprehensive full-stack security measures, including robust authentication, authorization, API security, and frontend security best practices.
• Establish regular SAST, SCA, container image, vulnerability scans and other regular security related scans and resolve identified security vulnerabilities according to compliance timeline.

Qualifications & Experience

Full Stack Development:

·      Degree or Diploma in Computer Science, Computer or Electronics Engineering, Information Technology, or related disciplines.

·      Experience with Git and modern branching workflows (GitFlow, trunk-based development).

·      Strong proficiency in both frontend and backend development.

·      Strong understanding of software engineering best practices (DRY, single responsibility principle, meaningful abstraction, testability) and the ability to enforce these standards within an AI-augmented development workflow.

·      Strong code review instincts —can catch hallucinations, logic errors, and security issues in AI output

·      Working in an agile release model, engineers must be adaptable and proactive to evolving requirements and user feedback.

Technologies:

• Next.js, TypeScript, React.js, UI component libraries (e.g., ShadCN, Tailwind CSS).
• Experience with relational databases

Security & Compliance:

·      Experience with IM8 compliance and system commissioning for government projects

·      Strong knowledge of frontend security (CSP, CORS, XSS prevention).

·      Experience with backend security (OAuth, JWT, API rate limiting, encryption).

·      Familiarity with cloud security (IAM, Secrets Management, OWASP Top 10).

DevOps & Infrastructure:

·      Proven experience setting up and managing Azure infrastructure (refer to Azure services listed in the Cloud Architecture & Infrastructure of Key Responsibilities).

·      Experience with CI/CD pipelines using GitLab CI

·      Experience with containerization and orchestration (Docker, Kubernetes).

Software Quality & Testing:

·      Experience with unit and integration testing (Jest, Cypress, Playwright, Pact).

·      Backend testing using Postman, Supertest, contract testing.

Observability & Monitoring:

·      Experience implementing application performance monitoring (APM) tools (Prometheus, Open Telemetry).

·      Knowledge of logging frameworks (ELK Stack, Loki, Fluentd) to track and debug issues across distributed systems.

Backend Scalability & API Design:

·      Strong experience in API design principles

·      Knowledge of API rate limiting, caching strategies (Redis, Varnish), and performance optimizations.

·      Familiarity with backend service scalability strategies (horizontal scaling, autoscaling, load balancing).

Bonus Experience (Added Advantage):

·      Experience with government procurement processes

·      Microsoft Certified: Azure Solutions Architect Expert

·      Microsoft Certified: Azure Security Engineer Associate the Full Stack Engineer is a pivotal role responsible for the end-to-end design, development, deployment, and maintenance of scalable, high-performance, and secure web applications.

This role combines application development (AI-assisted programming) with hands-on ownership of cloud infrastructure, ensuring reliable, secure, and scalable systems on Azure. The engineer would be working on client gen-AI assisted procurement-related web application as part of client AI initiative.  

Shortlisted candidate will be reach out

Job Description & Requirements

We are seeking a motivated Engineer to join our dynamic engineering team. The ideal candidate will have 1-3 years of relevant experience in the engineering field and a passion for problem-solving and innovation. As an Engineer, you will be responsible for contributing to the design, development, and implementation of engineering projects while collaborating with cross-functional teams to achieve project goals.

**Key Responsibilities:**

1. Assist in the design and development of engineering projects.
2. Conduct research and analysis to support project objectives.
3. Collaborate with team members to ensure project milestones are met.
4. Perform testing and validation of engineering solutions.
5. Prepare technical documentation and reports.
6. Stay up-to-date with industry trends and best practices.

**Required Skills and Qualifications:**

1. Bachelor's degree in Engineering or a related field.
2. 1-3 years of experience in engineering roles.
3. Proficiency in engineering software and tools.
4. Strong problem-solving and analytical skills.
5. Excellent communication and teamwork abilities.
6. Ability to work in a fast-paced environment and manage multiple projects simultaneously.

If you are a dedicated Engineer looking to grow your career in the engineering industry, we encourage you to apply for this exciting opportunity. Join our team and be part of creating innovative solutions that make a difference.