Total 602 Senior Executive information security analyst job vacancies

Sales Executive

Role Overview

Support business growth by identifying new opportunities, managing customer relationships, and executing sales and marketing initiatives for security solutions across residential, commercial, and industrial markets.

Key Responsibilities

Sales Support & Administration

• Prepare quotations, invoices, delivery orders, tenders, and proposals
• Maintain accurate CRM records, sales pipeline, contracts, and documentation
• Generate weekly/monthly sales reports, forecasts, and performance updates

Customer & Internal Coordination

• Liaise with customers on orders, deliveries, appointments, and follow-ups
• Coordinate with technical, logistics, and project teams to ensure smooth execution
• Follow up on quotations, payments, and outstanding documents

Business Development

• Identify new leads and business opportunities
• Handle sales enquiries via phone, email, and other channels
• Conduct sales presentations, product demos, and prepare quotations

Marketing Support

• Assist in executing digital, social media, print, and promotional campaigns
• Prepare marketing materials such as brochures, flyers, and presentations
• Support events and brand awareness activities

Requirements

• Diploma or higher in Business, Sales & Marketing, or related field
• Minimum 2 years of experience in sales support, sales administration, or similar role

✨ We value every application, but only shortlisted candidates will be contacted. Thank you for considering this opportunity!

CanWorkOne.SG Employment Pte Ltd | EA License No. 26C3357

EA Personnel: Tan Soon Hock (Steven) | Registration No. R1109889

Responsibilities:
Network & System Security

• Review and support the design and implementation of secure network architecture (LAN/WAN, VPN, cloud, hybrid)
• Assist in configuring firewalls, network segmentation, and access controls
• Support secure setup of new systems, sites, and integrations
• Apply secure configuration standards to infrastructure and systems
• Implement zero trust principles where applicable

Firewall & Network Security Policy Ownership

• Implement firewall rules based on approved standards and requests
• Perform initial review of firewall rule changes and escalate where needed
• Support enforcement of least-privilege access across network zones
• Assist in managing secure remote access (VPN, admin, third-party)

MDR Integration &Security Visibility

• Ensure systems and network devices are properly onboarded to MDR/SIEM
• Monitor security alerts and escalate incidents based on defined procedures
• Work with MDR provider to investigate and respond to security events
• Support basic tuning of monitoring rules and logging requirements

Security Operations& Risk Support

• Perform vulnerability scans and support remediation tracking
• Assist in risk assessments and identification of security gaps
• Support incident response activities and documentation
• Assist with security audits and testing activities

Change & ProjectSecurity Support

• Participate in security review of infrastructure and system changes
• Highlight potential risks (e.g., access exposure, misconfigurations, lateral movement exposure))
• Provide recommendations to improve security posture

Security Governance & Standards

• Establish and maintain network security baseline standards

• Develop and enforce security policies, standards, and procedures

• Define security requirements for new infrastructure, sites, and systems
• Support audits and security assessments
• Assist in aligning implementations with internal standards and frameworks (e.g., NIST,ISO27001)

Collaboration &Awareness

• Work closely with infrastructure and IT teams on secure implementations
• Provide basic security guidance to technical teams when required
• Promote security awareness and good practices

Awareness & Training

• Provide security guidance to IT and business teams
• Promote best practices and awareness

Requirements:

Education

• Bachelor’s degree in IT, Cybersecurity, or related field

Experience

• 2–5years in cyber security, network security, and infrastructure security
• Hands-on experience with: -Firewalls (e.g., SonicWall, Fortinet, Palo Alto Networks) -VPN, endpoint security, or basic IDS/IPS -Network design or system architecture
• Exposure to enterprise network environments (multi-site preferred)
• Experience supporting projects
• Experience with OT/industrial networks
• Knowledge of compliance/regulations (GDPR, PDPA, etc.)

Technical Skills

• Good understanding of:
• TCP/IP, networking fundamentals
• VLANs, segmentation, and access control concepts
• Firewall rules and basic network security principles
• VPN and remote access security -Familiarity with:
• SIEM/MDR concepts
• Vulnerability scanning tools
• Basic cloud security concepts

ARSLAN SRS Pte Ltd

CalypsoAI, acquired by F5, is seeking an experienced Enterprise Account Executive / Product Specialist to support its mission of enabling enterprises to securely and responsibly adopt Generative AI. As part of F5, CalypsoAI is a foundational component of F5’s AI security strategy, helping global organizations deploy LLMs and AI-powered applications with confidence. 

In this role, you will act as a subject-matter expert and product specialist for CalypsoAI’s AI security platform, working alongside F5 enterprise sales teams to drive adoption across strategic and global accounts. You will engage senior stakeholders across security, risk, and technology functions, clearly articulating how CalypsoAI delivers trustworthy AI at enterprise scale. 

The ideal candidate brings a strong background in enterprise software sales, excels in complex, consultative deal cycles, and has a meaningful understanding of cybersecurity and enterprise security buying motions. 

This is a unique opportunity to combine the innovation and speed of an AI-native security company with the scale, reach, and market leadership of F5. As LLMs drive the next major platform shift in enterprise software, entirely new AI-driven threat vectors are emerging—creating an urgent need for purpose-built AI security. CalypsoAI is at the forefront of this market. 

What You’ll Do 

• Serve as a CalypsoAI product specialist within F5’s enterprise go-to-market organization 
• Partner closely with F5 enterprise account teams to drive new revenue and expand existing customer relationships 
• Own and influence complex enterprise sales cycles, from discovery and technical validation through negotiation and close 
• Engage C-level and senior stakeholders (CISO, CIO, CTO, AI/ML leaders, Risk & Compliance) 
• Translate CalypsoAI’s technical capabilities into compelling business, security, and risk outcomes 
• Lead tailored product demonstrations, executive presentations, and proof-of-value engagements 
• Convert inbound enterprise demand into closed new business 
• Manage pipeline, forecasting, and deal strategy while helping mature the enterprise sales playbook 
• Capture customer feedback and market insights to influence product roadmap and GTM strategy 

What You Bring 

• 5+ years of experience in enterprise software sales, ideally in cybersecurity, infrastructure, or AI-related solutions 
• Background in cybersecurity or selling security solutions is a strong advantage, particularly experience engaging with CISOs, security architects, and risk teams 
• Proven success selling complex, high-value solutions into large enterprise environments 
• Experience operating as a product-focused seller or overlay specialist in partnership with core account teams 
• Strong experience engaging senior decision-makers within large, matrixed organizations 
• Solid grounding in qualification and value-based selling methodologies (MEDDIC, Command of the Message preferred) 
• Ability to operate effectively in fast-paced, evolving environments while navigating enterprise-scale processes 
• Familiarity with LinkedIn Sales Navigator, HubSpot, and modern enterprise sales technology stacks 
• Excellent communication skills with the ability to influence both technical and executive audiences 
• Comfortable working to targets and managing pressure with professionalism and integrity 
• Prior startup, scale-up, or post-acquisition integration experience is a plus 
• Strong interest in AI, cybersecurity, and emerging enterprise technologies; knowledge of Generative AI and LLM ecosystems is a strong advantage 

The Job Description is intended to be a general representation of the responsibilities and requirements of the job. However, the description may not be all-inclusive, and responsibilities and requirements are subject to change.

Please note that F5 only contacts candidates through F5 email address (ending with @f5.com) or auto email notification from Workday (ending with f5.com or @myworkday.com).

Equal Employment Opportunity

It is the policy of F5 to provide equal employment opportunities to all employees and employment applicants without regard to unlawful considerations of race, religion, color, national origin, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, age, sensory, physical, or mental disability, marital status, veteran or military status, genetic information, or any other classification protected by applicable local, state, or federal laws. This policy applies to all aspects of employment, including, but not limited to, hiring, job assignment, compensation, promotion, benefits, training, discipline, and termination.  F5 offers a variety of reasonable accommodations for candidates. Requesting an accommodation is completely voluntary. F5 will assess the need for accommodations in the application process separately from those that may be needed to perform the job. Request by contacting accommodations@f5.com.

• Strong hands on technical skills
• Regional role
• People centric environment and value talents

about the company
My client is looking for a Senior Executive, IT Security & Compliance who will play a key role within the team to helpshape their cybersecurity operations.

about the job

• Serve as the Global ISMS Management Representative, owning the ISO/IEC 27001 lifecycle and evolving our governance framework.
• Provide hands-on technical and operational oversight for SIEM, EDR, and DLP stacks to pre-emptively neutralize risks.
• Act as the primary security lead for enterprise clients, ensuring PDPA compliance and managing high-stakes security questionnaires.
• Lead Proof-of-Concept (PoC) activities to validate new security technologies from a risk perspective.
• Coordinate security incident response activities, including tabletop exercises, classification, escalation, and post-incident reviews.
• Monitor emerging threats to ensure detection capabilities evolve. Identify gaps and evaluate new security technologies (e.g., SSE, PAM, Vulnerability Management) from a risk perspective.
• Coordinate periodic vulnerability scans and penetration testing, ensuring successful remediation and retesting.

skills and experience required
Minimum 5 years of experience and a proven track record in managing information security, specifically covering both governance and operational security.

Proven experience serving as an ISO 27001 ISMS representative and coordinating SOC 1/SOC 2 audits.

Strong understanding of cloud security (AWS/Alibaba Cloud preferred), encryption, IAM, network security, and endpoint protection.

Ability to interpret SIEM alerts, EDR findings, cloud security logs, and vulnerability results. 

Preferred certifications include CISSP, CISM, CCSP, or ISO 27001 Lead Implementer/Auditor.

Whats and offer
The permanent opportunity for an Senior Executive, IT Security & Compliance, will pay a salary range of $ 7,000 - $ 9,000 plus benefits. 

To apply online please use the 'apply' function, alternatively you can reach me at
https://www.linkedin.com/in/Oliviatoh-032330132/. (EA: 94C3609 / R22109942)

The Role

As a Senior Business Analyst, you will take the lead in conducting complex business analysis and iteration management to ensure successful initiative outcomes. Your responsibilities include crafting detailed documentation of intricate requirements, facilitating high-level communication with stakeholders, and identifying key opportunities for process optimization that align with broader business objectives.

Collaborating closely with cross-functional teams, such as engineers and product owners, you will lead iterative development and refinement processes, enhancing overall project delivery. You will manage risk, support the seamless implementation of solutions, and drive continuous improvement initiatives, ultimately delivering significant business value and contributing to strategic business success.

The Team 

Join the Marketplace Services (MPS) team as we continue our evolution from a service provider into a strategic platform enabler. Our purpose is to provide trustworthy data and shared services across APAC Candidate, Hirer and AI teams so we can deliver long-term customer value. 

Within MPS, the Profile, Apply and Jobs Services (PAJS) team provide shared capabilities that underpin many of SEEK’s core marketplace experiences: how candidates discover roles, create and manage profiles, and apply for jobs, and how hirers create, manage and optimise job ads. These services sit at the heart of SEEK’s Employment Marketplace and are consumed at scale across the group. 

Key responsibilities

• Define scope, objectives, deliverables; validate requirements and capture feedback.
• Lead discovery and documentation: user stories, use cases, process maps (as-is/to-be), acceptance criteria.
• Prioritise and trace requirements to business value; support solution design and validation.
• Plan and run iteration ceremonies: planning, backlog refinement, reviews, retrospectives.
• Manage risks and change; coordinate testing, develop test cases, verify quality.
• Facilitate workshops, align stakeholders, and maintain clear communication.
• Drive continuous improvement; share best practices; mentor juniors.
• Engage vendors as needed; support SLA compliance and onboarding.

*Only Singaporeans will be considered*

Key Responsibilities:

Requirements Gathering and Analysis:

• Conduct stakeholder interviews and workshops to gather business requirements.
• Analyze and document current business processes and workflows.
• Identify opportunities for process improvement and automation using ServiceNow.

Solution Design:

• Translate business requirements into functional specifications for ServiceNow implementation.
• Design and document proposed ServiceNow solutions, including process flows, data models, and integrations.
• Collaborate with technical teams to ensure feasibility of proposed solutions.

Implementation Support:

• Assist in configuring and customizing ServiceNow modules to meet business needs.
• Develop and maintain ServiceNow reports, dashboards, and KPIs.
• Participate in testing activities, including user acceptance testing (UAT).

Continuous Improvement:

• Monitor ServiceNow usage and performance metrics.
• Identify and recommend opportunities for ongoing platform optimization.
• Stay updated on ServiceNow releases and new features, assessing their potential value to the organization.

Qualifications:

• Bachelor's degree in Information Technology, Computer Science, or a related field.
• 2+ years of experience as a Business Analyst, preferably in IT Service Management.
• Proven experience with ServiceNow platform, including at least one full implementation cycle.
• Excellent analytical and problem-solving skill.
• Strong communication and stakeholder management abilities.
• Proficiency in creating process flows, use cases, and other business analysis artifacts.

Preferred:

• ServiceNow certifications (e.g., Certified System Administrator, Certified Implementation Specialist).
• Experience with multiple ServiceNow modules (ITSM, ITOM, ITBM, etc.).
• Strong understanding of ITIL framework and best practices.
• Knowledge of scripting languages (e.g., JavaScript) and database concepts.
• Agile/Scrum methodology experience.
• Project management skills.

Working Arrangement: Hybrid, Full Time

Are you a Senior Data Analyst with a proven track record of delivering clear business impact through data? We’ve been looking for you!

The data team at Kape is building a world-class, data-driven culture to empower our employees with timely, accurate information to drive their decision making.  

In this role you will make a huge impact, influencing business decisions relating to millions of customers every day. You’ll work with great people on projects across the company, and play a pivotal role in supporting strategic business initiatives through data analysis, experimentation and development of metrics and dashboards.

What you’ll be doing

As a Senior Data Analyst, you will:

• Act as a strategic partner working in cross functional teams to grow the extent of data-driven planning and decision making in specific areas, specialising in Conversion Rate Optimization analytics.
• Turn data into insights, predictions, and actionable recommendations, delivering clear business value to your cross functional teams in their business challenges. 
• Deliver impactful insights and recommendations using compelling visualizations in user-friendly dashboard designs. 
• Help to design and analyze A/B experiments to improve conversion rate outcomes.
• Work in partnership with Data Engineers and Analytics Engineers to define data requirements, foundational datasets and ensure high-fidelity tracking.
• Contribute to the planning & execution of the Growth team within the organisation - as a group of people, as a partner within cross functional teams and as an enabler to support others to self-serve their data and insight needs.  

Who we’re looking for

If this sounds like you, please get in touch! 

Experience & expertise

• 5+ years in a web analytics, product analytics, or business intelligence role
• Proven track record of designing, executing and evaluating A/B experiments, with the ability to recommend next steps through iterative testing
• Outstanding analytical skills — from querying data to unearth insights, to creating compelling visualisations for ease of understanding
• Strong problem-solving skills with the ability to think beyond the obvious

Data mindset & ownership

• Passionate about data and using it to influence business decisions
• Detail-oriented in ensuring data quality and integrity across everything you present
• Self-starter with a strong sense of ownership — you bring insights to life, not just report them
• Comfortable navigating ambiguity and able to lead complex, loosely-defined projects from first principles through to a clear outcome

Business partnership

• Adept at integrating with business teams to truly understand their challenges and define how data can help — as early as possible
• Strong business acumen with a business-first approach to problem framing
• Track record of delivering clear, actionable business value from data — fit for purpose, not just technically impressive

Communication & storytelling

• Excellent communicator who uses storytelling to make insights land at the business level
• Able to connect data narratives to commercial outcomes in a way that resonates across teams
• Fluent in English
• Thrives working alongside intelligent, passionate people

Technical skills

• High proficiency in SQL and/or other querying languages
• Hands-on experience in Tableau or equivalent data visualisation tools
• Comfortable working with AI tools and incorporating them into your workflow to move faster and think sharper

Nice to have, but not required 

• You are comfortable talking about technology and communicating with developers on technical topics.
• A desire to elevate the team by mentoring junior analysts and fostering a culture of peer review and best practices.

What we can offer you

• Challenging work in a fun and collaborative environment
• Smart, passionate, and intelligent colleagues
• Attractive compensation and time-off benefits
• Spacious open-concept and centrally located offices
• Financially successful and profitable company
• Full-time employment with flexible working hours
• Fully stocked pantry with healthy foods and fresh fruit
• Team lunches and company events every quarter
• Multicultural teams represented by 30+ nationalities

The resource is required to support both manual and automated testing.

Domain

· QA analyst with minimum of 3-4 years’ experience in test automation preferable in financial services domain

· Good to have knowledge and experience in Equities or Derivatives trading

· Testing experience with Industry standard APIs used in Financial Services domain (e.g. Financial Information eXchange (FIX), FIXML, REST)

Process (Automation and Manual Test)

· Develop and maintain automated test framework

· Expertise in Test lifecycle including Requirement Analysis, Identifying Test Scope, Designing Test cases, Executing Test cases, and tracking defects till closure

· Have worked in Agile project models

· Familiar and equipped with agile testing experience in scrum-based/Kanban based projects.

· Experience in scrum ceremonies like backlog grooming and refinement, sprint planning, daily scrum, sprint review, sprint retrospective etc

Tools and Test Automation

· Experience in test automation framework using BDD framework with Cucumber & TestNG

· Experience on Selenium Web Driver, Postman(API Testing)

· Experience on Build and Configuration Tools like MAVEN

· Experience on CI/CD Tools like Jenkins and version control via BitBucket or GitHub

· Good understanding of Java Libraries – REST Assured

· Have used IDEs like IntelliJ and Eclipse

· Programming Languages – Core Java

· Working knowledge of proprietary or industry standard tools such as Tricentis Tosca, VeriFIX, is a plus.

Soft Skills

· Able to guide and mentor junior test resources

· Ability to communicate clearly both in writing and verbally

· Excellent stakeholder management skills to engage across various departments such as Technology, Operations and Business

· Team player with a collaborative mind-set

Skills and Competencies

• 8+ years of experience in an analytical, research, or risk management role; financial markets experience preferred, though strong analytical backgrounds from other industries considered
• Strong understanding of the Indian and ASEAN banking sectors, including regulatory environments, ESG considerations and emerging credit topics such as digital finance and private credit
• Demonstrates strong analytical, problem-solving, and presentation skills
• Excellent written and verbal communication skills, with the ability to clearly articulate complex analytical and strategic issues to diverse audiences
• Proficiency in English required
• Strong organizational and project management skills, with the ability to multitask and meet tight deadlines
• Ability to work collaboratively with global analyst teams and support the training and development of junior colleagues
• Basic understanding of artificial intelligence concepts, with curiosity and enthusiasm for applying AI tools to improve processes and drive efficiency

Education

• Graduate / second-level degree (e.g. MBA, Master's) required or equivalent strong academic background

Responsibilities

• Report to the Associate Managing Director for Moody’s Financial Institutions Ratings, based in Singapore
• Manage a portfolio of high-profile Indian and ASEAN financial institutions, including banks, securities firms, and finance companies
• Oversee all aspects of the ratings process, including monitoring company, industry, and regulatory developments; executing timely ratings actions; and producing high-quality, impactful research
• Communicate credit views clearly and effectively to internal and external stakeholders
• Engage with rated issuers, intermediaries, and investors; represent Moody’s at internal and external conferences; interact with investors and media, including broadcast interviews, to enhance Moody’s market relevance
• Collaborate with Moody’s Global Financial Institutions teams to uphold ratings quality, foster critical thinking and healthy skepticism, and proactively manage the credit portfolio
• Contribute to the continuous enhancement of processes that strengthen Moody’s ratings franchise and relevance
• Deliver timely, insightful, and relevant credit commentary with strong written and verbal presentation skills

About the Team

The Financial Institutions Group is responsible for delivering high‑quality credit ratings and research across the financial sector, including banks, non‑bank financial institutions, insurers, securities firms, funds, and asset managers. The team is focused on enhancing market transparency, supporting informed investor decision‑making, and strengthening our position as a trusted source of credit insight.

By joining the team, you will work on high‑impact areas such as fund finance and asset management, while contributing to the adoption of AI‑enabled tools that enhance analytical rigor and drive efficiency across our ratings operations.

• Well Established Security Inspection Solutions Company

• Salary: $4500 - $5500

• Working Hour: Monday - Friday (8.30am – 5.30pm)

• Company Location: Jurong East

• Variable bonus + Excellent Wellfare

Job Scope:

• Lead a Project Team of consultants, contractors, developer in daily-site activities
• Conduct project briefing and kick start meeting
• Responsible for periodic progress reports
• Evaluate the master program and monitor work progress
• Identify potential or actual causes of delay and take preventive or remedial actions
• Monitor submissions and clearances from relevant authorities
• Assist on documentations and make recommendation to clients for award of contracts
• Check safety management system and conduct periodic safety inspection
• Conduct feasibility studies and recommendations on the development concept, preliminary program and budget
• Identify and resolve site technical problems
• Supervise site works to achieve good quality
• Assist in investigating and liaising with public and the relevant authorities for public feedback

Requirement:

• Diploma in IT Engineering, Civil Engineering, Architectural or equivalent
• 2 - 3 years of relevant working experience in project management

Candidates are encouraged to apply this position via ApplyNow button with the following information in the resume:

• Work experiences and job responsibilities
• Current and Expected salary
• Reason for leaving
• Date of availability
• Education background

We regret that only shortlisted candidates will be contacted.

YEOW CHANG FU (R23118759)

EA Recruitment Pte Ltd

EA License No: 21C0492

• Access control and visitor logging.
• Regular patrolling of premises.
• CCTV monitoring and alarm response.
• Professional customer service.
• Requirements: GCE 'N' Level or equivalent, valid PRD License
• Attractive salary & medical package; annual increment, AWS, performance bonus, full CPF, allowances, annual leave.
• Singaporean only.

Our client is a Computer and Network Security Industry. Due to business needs, they are now recruiting a Business Development Executive to be part of their Team for ongoing transformation projects. They are located in the West - easily accessible.

About the Role:

Are you passionate about technology and eager to drive business growth in a fast-evolving field? We are looking for a proactive and ambitious Business Development professional to play a key role in expanding our cyber-security portfolio across Singapore and the APAC region.

Responsibilities:

• Spot, evaluate, and pursue new business opportunities in priority industries and markets across the region.
• Develop and implement go-to-market strategies to accelerate the adoption of our cyber-security solutions.
• Build strong, consultative relationships with customers and partners, collaborating with internal technical teams when needed.

Requirements:

• Min Degree Cybersecurity, Computer Science, or a related field.
• Minimum 1 year of experience in business development or sales 

Interested candidates who wish to apply for the advertised position, please click APPLY NOW or email an updated copy of your resume/cv.

We regret that only shortlisted candidate will be notified.

Email Address: jobs@recruitpedia.sg

Recruitpedia Pte. Ltd.

EA License No: 19C9682

EA Personnel No: R25157233 (Loh Pooi Keng)

Job Summary

We seek a Senior Business Analyst (Techno-Functional) to bridge business needs with technology solutions, driving stakeholder engagement and translating requirements into actionable technical deliverables.

Responsibilities

• Gather, analyze, and document business requirements by engaging with stakeholders to ensure clarity and completeness
• Translate business needs into detailed functional and technical specifications for technology teams
• Collaborate with technology teams, data engineers, and developers to align solutions with business objectives
• Facilitate workshops, stakeholder discussions, and requirement walkthroughs to validate and refine requirements
• Support data-driven initiatives by working with data pipelines, reporting needs, and analytics teams to enable informed decision-making
• Ensure alignment between business expectations and technical delivery throughout project lifecycles
• Participate in User Acceptance Testing (UAT) to validate solution functionality and support successful implementation
• Identify process improvement opportunities and recommend actionable solutions to enhance business operations

Preferred competencies and qualifications

• Prior experience in the Insurance industry is nice to have but not a must have.
• Exposure to Data Engineering environments or projects
• Experience using tools such as SQL, Jira, Confluence, or similar platforms

Other Information

• Opportunity to work on enterprise-scale projects
• Exposure to data and digital transformation initiatives
• Collaborative and growth-oriented work environment

• 6years of experience in the field of business analysis.
• Ability to analyse complex data sets, identify patterns, and derive meaningful insights to support decision-making and problem-solving.
• Excellent verbal and written communication skills to effectively interact with stakeholders, convey technical information clearly and create comprehensive documentation.
• Understanding of business processes, workflows, and industry-specific knowledge to align solutions with organisational goals and strategies.
• Capability to identify issues, evaluate alternatives, and propose innovative solutions to address business challenges.
• Familiarity with business analysis tools, data analysis software, and an understanding of software development methodologies
• Expertise in gathering and documenting detailed business requirements, creating functional specifications, and user stories.
• Skill in managing relationships and expectations among diverse stakeholders, including clients, users, developers, and management.
• Ability to adapt to changing project scopes, priorities, and timelines while remaining focused on delivering quality outcomes. Previous experience in Insurance Domain is a value add - Data Engineer understanding make it more effective