Total 156 computer security job vacancies in Others category in Australia

Responsibilities:

• To operate CNC milling and turning (3 axis & 5 axis)
• Able to scheduling machined parts to customers in time
• General duties

Requirements:

• Minimum Diploma in Mechanical Engineering or Degree in Mechanical Engineering
• At least 5 years of working experience
• Ability to multi-task and possessed initiative
• Able to start work immediately

Friendly working environment

Company Details:

SUPERFIX (SINGAPORE) PTE LTD

5, Yishun Industrial Street 1,

North Spring Bizhub, #07-08,

Singapore 768161

Tel: 6748 2122

Fax: 6747 9838

Interested applicants, please email your resume to admin@superfix.com.sg

We are seeking a committed and service-oriented Guest Experience Executive to join our hospitality team. This role has been thoughtfully redesigned to integrate security operations with selected concierge and call centre responsibilities, play a pivotal role in ensuring the safety, comfort, and satisfaction of hotel guests through proactive engagement, vigilant security monitoring, and professional call handling. This is a multi-functional role best suited for individuals with strong situational awareness, service excellence, and the ability to respond effectively to both guest needs and security-related matters.

Responsibilities:

1. Guest Experience & Concierge Services

• Deliver warm, professional, and personalized service throughout the guest journey—from arrival to departure.
• Handle VIP guest arrangements and ensure special requests are fulfilled accurately.
• Provide recommendations for local attractions, dining, transportation, and guest services.
• Oversee hotel driveway and lobby area to ensure a clean, welcoming, and organized environment.
• Coordinate logistics such as airport transfers, limousine bookings, and car park assistance.
• Work closely with third-party service providers (e.g. restaurants, transport operators) to enhance guest satisfaction.
• Supervise and support the Concierge/Bell team in their daily tasks and guest interactions.
• Plan duty rosters based on operational needs and manage leave scheduling effectively.

2. Security & Safety

• Conduct routine patrols of hotel premises and report any suspicious activity or safety hazards.
• Enforce safety protocols, conduct bag checks, and assist in managing access control points (e.g. staff entrances, contractor access).
• Respond to emergencies, support the Emergency Response Team (ERT), and provide first aid when needed.
• Assist in managing lift and traffic control during peak hours and special events.
• Support People & Culture team with locker inspections and incident reporting procedures.

3. Call Centre & Guest Communication

• Handle inbound calls, internal communication, and guest requests using hotel systems (e.g., Avaya One-X, DuVoice).
• Manage wake-up calls, do-not-disturb requests, and general phone services professionally.
• Use hotel software platforms (e.g., Infrasys, TableCheck, Bartech) to manage room service orders, minibar status, and restaurant reservations.
• Maintain accurate e-logs of guest communications, complaints, and follow-ups.
• Escalate and resolve guest issues or service recovery cases in a tactful and timely manner.
• Monitor call quality standards (e.g. response time, call abandonment rate) and provide feedback to improve service delivery.

Responsibilities

a) To manage and to run the Data Centre operations team on a 24x7 basis to ensure both facilities, IT infrastructure and business applications are operational

• Monitor Server and application health

• Support level 1 troubleshooting and recovery

• Run batch jobs & monitoring

• Run backup job & monitoring

• Support Production job deployment and Job schedule

b) Accompany & direct Data Centre visitor

c) Support Disaster Recovery activity

d) Ensure all IT related issues are well documented and update management on overall performance status and activities within Data Centre

You will be involved in monitoring the performance and availability of IT services, processing of production jobs, assisting in monitoring and resolution of incidents related to computer hardware, operating system, application systems, data centre facilities and managing the security of the data centre. Supervise service vendors to ensure full compliance to Service Level agreement.

You will also be involved in process improvement initiatives and projects for the data centre.

Requirements

a) Ability to effectively respond to all issues, complex enquiries or complaints from Project Leaders, users and/or higher management

b) Knowledge in Data Centre/Critical Services management

c) Knowledge in security, fire and workplace safety

d) Excellent interpersonal and communicative skills and be a team player

e) Perform other job-related duties or special projects as assigned

f) Preferably certification in ITIL or good understanding of ITIL framework and practices

g) Minimum NITEC IT / Higher NITEC IT qualification

h) Able to work in shift as Data Centre operates 24/7. Each shift is of 12 hours

i) (Day shift 8.45 am to 8.45 pm, Night Shift: 8:45 pm to 8:45am)

h) Deployment of production files and scheduling of Batch Jobs

Education / Experience:

 Diploma / Degree in relevant discipline

 Minimally 2 years of relevant work experience in similar roles

 Experience in IT industry

Job Description:

 Responsible for maintaining and enhancing strategic relationships with existing partners and onboarding new partners while continuing to drive revenue opportunities

 Develop and execute joint got-to-market strategies with vendors, distributors and other strategic alliance partners

 Facilitate engagement between the partners, sales and presales team to drive growth

 Drive engagement with local and overseas startups as well as existing vendors product team on technology roadmap

 Engage with founders, market researchers, innovators and ecosystem players to understand current market landscape and upcoming trends and impacts

 Translating market trends and company’s own internal capabilities into actionable insights

 Drive internal teams to explore new technologies and generate innovative solutions that is unique to the company

 Analysis of large sets of data to identify trends and generate insights that drive strategic decisions

 Converting of data into meaningful reports, dashboards and presentations for management consumptions

Skill sets:

 Excellent interpersonal communication and partner management

 Strong team player

 Experience with the IT industry and have the ability to exude corporate diplomacy at all times

 Good breadth of technology knowledge

 Strong interest in new technologies

 Analytical mindset

About us:
Our Company is a leading security agency with a strong reputation for providing top-tier security services to a diverse clientele. We are seeking an experienced and dynamic Business Development Manager to lead our business expansion efforts and drive growth in the security industry.

Job Description:

· As the Business Development Manager, you will play a pivotal role in identifying, acquiring, and nurturing client relationships while expanding the reach and impact of our security company’s vision and objectives. This position offers an exciting opportunity to shape our organization’s future while contributing to our client’s safety and security.

Responsibilities;

Client acquisition:
- Prospect, approach and engage potential clients through various channels, including cold calls, emails, networking, and in-person meetings.
- Build and maintain a robust client and track leads and opportunities.

Proposal Development:
- Develop persuasive proposals and presentations that highlight our agency’s services and expertise.
-Tailor proposals to meet the specific security needs and concerns of clients.
Relationship Building:
- Cultivate and maintain strong long-term relationships with clients proposals to meet the specific security needs and concerns of clients.

Requirements;
- Bachelor's degree in business, marketing, or related field.

-Strong understanding of security services and industry trends.

-Strong understanding of security services and industry trends.

-Exceptional communication, negotiation, and presentation skills.

Today

Hr Finanace job scope for security industry

The core HR & Finance job scope in the Singapore security industry centers on three pillars: regulatory compliance, manpower administration, and financial control. The security sector is highly regulated (MOM, SPF/PRD), so HR–Finance roles carry heavier compliance and documentation duties than in most industries. Below is a structured, detailed breakdown tailored to security agencies in Singapore.

ROLESUMMARY

The IT Security Officer is responsible for ensuring the security, integrity, and compliance of enterprise IT systems and data. The role focuses on implementing security controls, monitoring threats, managing risks, and ensuring adherence to regulatory and governance standards in mission-critical and regulated environments.

KEYRESPONSIBILITIES

· Implement and manageenterprise security controls across infrastructure, applications, and networks.

· Monitor security events,logs, and alerts; identify and respond to potential threats and incidents.

·  Conduct vulnerabilityassessments, risk analysis, and security reviews.

· Manage identity and accesscontrols, including user provisioning and privileged access.

· Ensure timely patching,system hardening, and remediation of security vulnerabilities.

· Develop and enforce securitypolicies, standards, and procedures.

· Support incident response,investigation, and root cause analysis (RCA).

· Ensure compliance withregulatory, audit, and governance requirements.

· Collaborate withinfrastructure, network, and application teams to embed security bestpractices.

· Conduct security awarenessand advisory for internal teams.

· Maintain securitydocumentation, reports, and audit artifacts.

· Support third-party/vendorsecurity assessments and risk management.

TECHNICALSKILLS & TOOLS

· Security Domains: Networksecurity, application security, endpoint security, IAM

· Tools: SIEM (Splunk,QRadar), EDR/XDR, vulnerability scanners (Nessus, Qualys)

· Access Management: ActiveDirectory, Azure AD, IAM tools

· Cloud Security: AWS/Azuresecurity services, cloud posture management

·  Networking & Systems: Firewalls, VPNs, Linux/Windows security fundamentals

·  Standards & Frameworks: ISO 27001, NIST, CIS Benchmarks

SECURITY& COMPLIANCE

· Ensure implementation ofsecurity controls aligned with ISO 27001, NIST, and CIS.

· Perform audits, riskassessments, and compliance reporting.

· Support incident managementand regulatory requirements.

· Ensure data protection andsecure handling of sensitive information.

QUALIFICATIONS& EXPERIENCE

· Degree in IT, Cybersecurity,Computer Science, or related field.

· 4–8 years of experience inIT security or cybersecurity roles.

· Experience in enterprise orregulated environments preferred.

· Strong analytical, incidentresponse, and communication skills.

PREFERRED(GOOD TO HAVE)

· Certifications such asCISSP, CISM, CEH, or equivalent.

· Experience with Security Operations Center (SOC) environments.

· Exposure to Zero Trust architecture and cloud security practices.

· Experience in government or compliance-driven projects.

Ensure smooth operation of marine-specific software(navigation systems, fleet management systems, etc.)

Manage data centers, backups, and disaster recovery systems
Design, configure, and maintain network systems (LAN,WAN, satellite communication systems)

Ensure stable communication between vessels and shore-based offices

Monitor network performance and troubleshoot connectivity issues
Implement and enforce cyber security policies in line with maritime regulations

Protect office systems from cyber threats, malware, and unauthorized access

Conduct regular system audits and vulnerability assessments
Coordinate with ship crew and engineers for IT-related troubleshooting

Ensure compliance withmaritime IT standards and regulations
Monitor system performance and ensure minimal downtime

Schedule preventive maintenance and system upgrades
Strong understanding of networking (TCP/IP, VPN,fire walls)

Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science
Ability to handle emergency system failures

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering is one of the founding Schools of the Nanyang Technological University. Built on a culture of excellence, the School is renowned for its high academic standards and research. With over 3,000 undergraduates students and 2,000 graduate students it is one of the largest EEE schools in the world and ranks 4th in the field of Electrical & Electronic Engineering in the 2025 QS World University Rankings by Subjects.

Today, the School has become one of the world’s largest engineering schools that nurtures competent engineers and researchers. Each year, the School graduates over a thousand students who are ready to take on great ambitions and challenges.

For more details, please view: https://www.ntu.edu.sg/eee

We are looking for a Postdoctoral Fellow to work on computer vision. The role involves developing and advancing novel algorithms for emerging challenges in computer vision, including continual learning and few-shot learning. The candidate is also expected to mentor students, lead research projects, and contribute to grant proposal development.

Key Responsibilities:

The Postdoctoral Fellow will focus on the following tasks

• Conduct cutting-edge research and publish in leading conferences and journals

• Mentor and supervise students in research projects

• Contribute to the development of grant proposals

• Provide general support for lab activities

Job Requirements:

• PhD degree in Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, or related field

• PhD students who have completed/are completing their thesis are welcome to apply

• Knowledge and experience in computer vision, machine learning, and deep learning

• Good written and oral communication skills

• Experience in leading research projects

• Proficiency in basics of programming languages such as Python

• Self-Motivated and takes initiative

We regret to inform you that only shortlisted candidates will be notified.

Job Title: Security Officer

Job Responsibilities

• Ensure the safety and security of students, staff and visitors on the school premises.
• Monitor and control access to the school compound, including checking visitors and vehicles.
• Conduct regular patrols around the campus to ensure the security of building and facilities
• Report any suspicious or unusual activities.
• Respond to incidents, alarms and emergencies promptly and report them to the school management.
• Assist with crowd control and security during school events
• Perform other duties as assigned.

Job Requirements

• Minimum Secondary education.
• Valid Security Officer Licence.
• Prior security experience.
• Able to work shift hours, including evenings or weekends when required.
• Responsible, vigilant and able to handle situations calmly.
• Good communication and interpersonal skills.

The Managed Services Cross Technology Engineer (L3/4) –Network / Security is an advanced engineering role, architecting level, responsiblefor ensuring a managed service is provided to all clients, to ensure that theirIT infrastructure and systems remain operational. This is done throughproactively managing, overseeing, monitoring, investigating, and resolvingescalated technical incidents and problems to ensure the restoration of theseservices to the clients.

The primary objective of this role is to understand, design,implement, and maintain the enterprise network's defensive architecture toprotect data and infrastructure from sophisticated threats. This involvesacting as the highest-tier escalation point for complex security incidents anddefining the strategic roadmap for firewalls, segmentation, and Zero Trustmodels. This role also proactively review all client requests or tickets andapply technical process knowledge to provide the clients with almost immediateresolution without breaching service level agreement (SLA).

The Managed Services Cross Technology Engineer (L3/4)focuses on forth line support for escalated incidents and requests with a highlevel of complexity. Ensures contracted Managed Services outcomes are deliveredto the client.

This is a strategic role focusing across various technologydomains such as (but not limited to) Cloud, Security, Networking, Applicationsand / or Collaboration.

This role may also contribute to / support on project workas and when required.

Key Responsibilities:

·       Define andLead Network Security Strategy: Understand, architect, design, and champion theoverall network security posture and roadmap for the entire organization(on-premise, cloud, hybrid).

·       L3/L4Incident Management & Root Cause Analysis: Act as the highest-tierescalation point for complex and critical network security incidents andfailures, driving resolution and preventative measures.

·       SecurityInfrastructure Management: Design, deploy, and manage core network securitycomponents, including next-generation Firewalls (NGFW), IDS/IPS, LoadBalancers, VPN concentrators, and network access control (NAC) systems.

·       PolicyDevelopment and Review: Establish and enforce comprehensive security policies,standards, and baselines across all network devices and segmentation zones.

·       CloudNetwork Security Architecture: Design secure networking patterns for cloudenvironments (e.g., AWS VPCs, Azure VNet security groups, Transit Gateways)integrated with on-premise solutions.

·       DisasterRecovery (DR) and Business Continuity: Develop and regularly test networksecurity components of the DR and Business Continuity plans.

·       TechnologyEvaluation: Evaluate and recommend new security technologies and tools (e.g.,SASE, Zero Trust Network Architecture) to improve the organization's defensivecapabilities.

·       Mentorshipand Documentation: Create high-quality documentation (HLD/LLD) and mentorjunior engineers on security best practices and advanced troubleshootingtechniques.

• Works independently, with general direction from the client, stakeholders, team lead, or senior manager, to perform operational tasks to resolve all escalated incidents/requests in a timely manner within the agreed SLA.
• Timely and consistent updates of tickets with resolution tasks performed.
• Proactively identifies, investigates, analyses issues and errors prior to or when they occur and log all such incidents in a timely manner.
• Captures all required and relevant information for immediate resolution.
• Provides forth level support to all escalated incidents, requests and identify the root cause of incidents and problems, respond to tickets where third line engineer teams were unable to fix the problem.
• Shares such knowledge, to resolve issues, document them, and push the knowledge down to other engineers.
• Communicates with other teams and clients for extending support. Acts as emergency support contact as needed, for critical client and business-impacting issues.
• Supports, tracks, and documents change implementation.
• Provides timely escalation of all tickets to management with ensuing updates, where applicable.
• Proactively identifies, contributes, implements and works with automation teams for effort optimization and automating routine tasks.
• Systematically gathers relevant information and applies technical knowledge to analyze and uses highly technical troubleshooting tools and content and analytical practices.
• Uses operational and diagnostic procedures to resolve escalated tickers in unique and complex client environments.
• Coaches L1, L2, and L3 teams offering technical expertise and pushing work down to other engineering teams.
• Performs quality audits, covering process, service experience, ticket updates, etc. as required.
• May manage and implement projects within technology domain, delivering effectively and promptly per client agreed upon requirements and timelines.
• May work on implementing and delivering disaster recovery functions and tests.
• Performs any other related task as required.

Knowledge and Attributes:

• Ability to communicate and work across different cultures and social groups.
• Ability to plan activities and projects well in advance, and takes into account possible changing circumstances.
• Ability to maintain a positive outlook at work.
• Ability to work well in a pressurized environment.
• Ability to work hard and put in longer hours when it is necessary.
• Ability to apply active listening techniques such as paraphrasing the message to confirm understanding, probing for further relevant information, and refraining from interrupting.
• Ability to place clients at the forefront of all interactions, understanding their requirements, and creating a positive client experience throughout the total client journey.
• Excellent proficiency in change management process with an ability to plan, monitor and execute changes with clear identification of risks and mitigation plans to be captured into the change record.
• Deep technical skills in relevant functions.
• Excellent client service orientation and passion for achieving or exceeding expectations.

Academic Qualifications and Certifications and tools:

• Bachelor's degree or equivalent qualification in IT/Computing (or demonstrated equivalent work experience).
• Certifications relevant to the services provided (certifications carry additional weightage on a candidate’s qualification for the role).
• Relevant certifications include (but not limited to) -

·       Fortinet

·       RSA

·       Tenable

·       Trend Micro

·       F5

·       CCIE, CCNP in Security or PCNSE certification orFirewall Vendor related certification is good to have along with advancedtechnical certification such as CCIE, CISSP.

·       Firewalls:Expert-level management of Cisco or FortiGate.

·       Zero TrustArchitecture (ZTA) / SASE

·       Segmentation:Micro-segmentation and logical network segmentation (VLANs, VRFs).

·       CloudNetwork Security: AWS/Azure/GCP network security controls (VPC, SecurityGroups, NSGs).

·       NAC: CiscoISE or similar Network Access Control systems.

·       IDS/IPS& WAF (Web Application Firewalls, e.g., F5, Cloudflare).

·       Automation:Basic scripting skills in Python and use of Ansible for security configuration.

·       SIEM:Familiarity with Splunk or Microsoft Sentinel for log analysis.

Packet Analysis: Expert troubleshooting usingWireshark or tcpdump

​Our Client is an established company in Singapore, who is seeking to recruit a Lead Cybersecurity Specialist (Security Operations).

Lead Cybersecurity Specialist (Security Operations)

You will be the primary architect of the security governance and risk management framework., with the mission to transform GRC from a compliance-heavy exercise into a strategic enabler. You will ensure that risk management is deeply integrated into the lifecycle of every digital system, from web applications to critical Operational Technology (OT) environments.

1. Incident Management & Response Standardisation

·       Unified Playbooks: Establish and maintain Incident Response (IR) playbooks for diverse threat scenarios (e.g., Ransomware, Data Exfiltration, Cloud breaches).

·       Crisis Leadership: Provide direct guidance and technical oversight to agencies during High and Critical severity incidents, ensuring timely reporting and effective containment.

·       Incident Governance: Work with CIOs and CISOs to establish clear command structures and roles, empowering leaders to make difficult, high-stakes decisions during a crisis.

2. Operational Readiness & Resiliency Testing

·       Advanced Exercises: Design and oversee high-quality Tabletop Exercises (TTX) for various stakeholders (system owners, SIROs, CISOs, CIOs). You will evaluate external vendors to ensure these exercises are realistic, comprehensive, and push the limits.

·       Chaos Testing: Drive the adoption of chaos testing across agencies to validate the adequacy of resiliency plans and identify hidden failure points in critical systems.

·       Capability Building: Continuously assess the operational readiness of the Family and lead initiatives to bridge identified gaps in incident management.

3. Continuous Monitoring & Asset Governance

·       Centralised Monitoring: Ensure all systems are effectively onboarded to central monitoring services. Work with system owners on overcoming challenges encountered during onboarding.

·       Asset Visibility: Partner with CIOs to maintain a robust and updated IT asset inventory, ensuring that "you cannot protect what you do not know."

·       Custom Threat Scenarios: Provide expert guidance for agencies with unique threat use cases or specialised systems (e.g., OT/ICS) that fall outside standard monitoring coverage, helping them build bespoke detection capabilities.

4. Vulnerability & Attack Surface Management

·       Full-Spectrum SOPs: Establish Standard Operating Procedures for vulnerability management across on-premises, cloud (GCC), and OT environments. Ensure that there are proper procedures for managing unpatched vulnerabilities.

·       Attack Surface Scanning: Ensure agencies deploy adequate internal and external scanning tools. You will oversee the workflow for finding prioritisation and validate that patches are applied and effective.

5. Advocacy & Education

·       Resilience Culture: Educate stakeholders on the critical importance of Response and Business Continuity Planning (BCP).

·       Stakeholder Inculcation: Foster a mindset of "assumed breach," ensuring project owners and leaders understand their roles in threat monitoring and incident management.

Requirements

Experience

·       Years of Experience: 8 to 10 years of deep experience in Cybersecurity Operations, SOC Management, or Incident Response.

·       Crisis Management: Proven track record of leading or providing technical oversight in high-pressure, high-severity security incidents.

·       Domain Expertise: Experience managing security operations across complex hybrid environments (On-premise, Cloud, and OT).

Technical Skills

·       Incident Response & Forensics: Mastery of IR methodologies and a strong understanding of digital forensics and malware analysis.

·       Threat Intelligence & TTPs: Deep knowledge of the threat landscape and the ability to map monitoring use cases to the MITRE ATT&CK framework.

·       Vulnerability & Exploitation Research: Deep understanding of the CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) system and CVSS scoring. Knowledge of exploitation techniques and the mechanics of how vulnerabilities are weaponised by threat actors. Ability to assess the "exploitability" of a vulnerability within the specific context of the environment to prioritise remediation.

·       Detection Technologies: Proficiency in SIEM, SOAR, XDR, and EDR technologies. Ability to evaluate the relevancy of existing monitoring tools against evolving threats.

·       Cloud Operations: Strong understanding of monitoring and responding to incidents within Government Commercial Cloud (GCC) and native cloud environments.

·       Certifications: Professional certifications such as GCIH (GIAC Certified Incident Handler), GCFA (GIAC Certified Forensic Analyst), CHFI, or CISSP are highly desirable.

Soft Skills

·       Command & Control: Ability to remain calm and provide clear, authoritative guidance during high-stakes security crises.

·       Diplomacy & Education: Skill in translating operational needs into strategic priorities for CIOs and CISOs.

·       Strategic Foresight: A strong interest in emerging security technologies and the ability to proactively adapt monitoring strategies to counter new actor TTPs.

JJ Consulting Services

EA Licence No.: 12C6207

Applicants are invited to send in a MS Word resume to jobs@jjconsulting.com.sg stating position applying for/present/expected salaries and earliest available date.

We thank all applicants in advance and regret that only short listed candidates will be notified.

1. JOB DESCRIPTION

Job Title

SENIOR COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGER

Occupation

SENIOR COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGER

Job Description & Requirements

Job Description & Requirements

Job Description & Requirements

Key Responsibilities:

• Strategic Alignment: Aligning IT strategies with the overall business goals and objectives.
• IT Infrastructure Management: Overseeing the management and maintenance of the organization's IT infrastructure, including hardware, software, networks, and data centers.
• Team Leadership: Managing and leading IT teams, including hiring, training, and performance management.
• Budget Management: Managing IT budgets, ensuring cost-effectiveness and efficient resource allocation.
• Vendor Management: Negotiating with and managing relationships with IT vendors.
• Security Management: Ensuring the security of IT systems and data, including implementing and maintaining security protocols and procedures.
• Project Management: Overseeing IT projects, ensuring they are completed on time, within budget, and meet the required quality standards.
• Compliance: Ensuring compliance with relevant IT regulations and policies

1.

JOB DESCRIPTION

Job Title

SENIOR COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGER

Occupation

SENIOR COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGER

Job Description & Requirements

Job Description & Requirements

Key Responsibilities:

• Strategic Alignment: Aligning IT strategies with the overall business goals and objectives.
• IT Infrastructure Management: Overseeing the management and maintenance of the organization's IT infrastructure, including hardware, software, networks, and data centers.
• Team Leadership: Managing and leading IT teams, including hiring, training, and performance management.
• Budget Management: Managing IT budgets, ensuring cost-effectiveness and efficient resource allocation.
• Vendor Management: Negotiating with and managing relationships with IT vendors.
• Security Management: Ensuring the security of IT systems and data, including implementing and maintaining security protocols and procedures.
• Project Management: Overseeing IT projects, ensuring they are completed on time, within budget, and meet the required quality standards.
• Compliance: Ensuring compliance with relevant IT regulations and policies.